Kidney stones (called renal calculi are solid concretions or crystal aggregations formed in the kidneys from dietary minerals in the urine. Stones are typically classified by their location in the kidney, ureter, or bladder, or by their chemical composition . Kidney stones are a significant source of morbidity. 80% of those with kidney stones are men. Men most commonly experience their first episode between age 30–40 years, while for women the age at first presentation is somewhat later. Kidney stones typically leave the body by passage in the urine stream, and many stones are formed and passed without causing symptoms...